Evolution by Natural Selection

The theory of Natural Selection is the belief that individuals within a species survive and thrive according to positive and beneficial traits. The more productive and advantageous qualities an individual has, the better their chances are to survive and propagate within a species. The entities without profitable traits or negative ones will eventually die out. This is the basics of Natural Selection by Survival of the Fittest.

Darwinism

Where trouble crops up is when the foundation of Natural Selection morphs into Darwinism. When Charles Darwin wrote his books On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man he tried to explicitly leave out a Divine Hand and explain evolution strictly with Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest. He completely disregarded the possibility of design.

Morality

The biggest problem with the no Creator hypothesis is the question of morality. It's obvious humans possess a morality; therefore it needs to be explained. Darwin argued that morality was only a product of survival of the fittest. He postulated that it was nothing more than the positive behaviors of sociability. Being social was a good thing for humans to have, helping in the survival of the race. As time passes on, the social behaviors for protection and mating become more enhanced and intricate turning into what we now see as morality.

However, believing morality is nothing more than random selection and a merciless survival of the strong leads to some troubling conclusions. If this idea were true, you would have to be ready to rate the inferiority or superiority of races and individuals. Obviously this would lead to condoning and excusing slavery and eugenics. The weak, handi-capped and supposed inferior should be eliminated because they would bring down and hamper the forward progress of the strongest and smartest.

All Reasonable Arguments

To anyone with simple observation skills and a common intelligence it is obvious that this is not how the human race operates. The question of evolution and the origin of life is a hotly debated topic to this day. Although you might not know it by the popular culture, many people and scientists disagree on Darwin's version of Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest. Reasonable arguments should be included and debated for an honest investigation into the questions around evolution and the origin of life. Evolution by Natural Selection should not be defined by Darwinism, and Intelligent Design should be considered as part of the investigation.

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Is Glass Man-Made or Is It Natural?

The answer to this question is BOTH!

Naturally occurring glass is known as obsidian. Our curious and inventive ancestors tried to mimic what they saw in nature. They noticed that sand melted when it was put near the fire and liked the results. Centuries of development later has resulted the glass you use today.

So how is glass made nowadays?

Ingredients

To make glass you will need the following ingredients:

Silica (sand)
Sodium Carbonate
Calcium Oxide (from limestone)

Lots of heat!

Optional Ingredients:

To obtain different effects, such as colour, you can use one or more of the following options:

Cullet (recycled glass - see below in Recycling Section
Magnesium or Aluminium oxide (can be used in place of Calcium Oxide)
Lead (if you want to make crystal glasses)
Boron (to change thermal and electrical properties)
Lanthanum Oxide (if you need enhanced light reflective properties)
Iron (to absorb infra-red energy)
Colour (change the colour by adding various metals or oxides)
Coatings (you may wish to coat your glass to give it a special finish.)

Lots more heat!

Process

1. Heat your ingredients to 1,500 - 1,600 Deg C and cook for up to 50 hours.
2. For float (sheet) glass, allow the molten glass to flow onto a layer of molten tin. Add any coatings you may wish to use and allow to cool slowly in a lehr.
3. For containers and drinking glasses, firstly make a "parison" or pre-form (thick miniature bottle shape) by pressing or blowing a blob of molten glass (called a gob) into a shape using a mould. Put the pre-form into another mould and use compressed air to push the sides out and into the shape of the final bottle or glass. Cool, re-heat and allow to cool again (this prevents breaking).

Don't try this yourself at home!

Recycling

Glass is a great material to recycle - it can be re-used again and again. It saves mining for the raw materials and it requires much lower temperatures.

When you send your glass to be recycled, it will be cleaned, sorted into colour and processed to remove any impurities. This will leave "cullet". This is added to the raw ingredients where it quickly melts and is added to the mix.

So now you have a brief knowledge of how glass is made!

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